Jump to content

Main menu

Main menu
move to sidebar hide

Navigation

Main page

Contents

Current events

Random article

About Wikipedia

Contact us

Donate

Contribute

Help

Learn to edit

Community portal

Recent changes

Upload file

Search

Search

Appearance

Create account

Log in

Personal tools

Create account

Log in

Pages for logged out editors learn more

Contributions

Talk

Contents
move to sidebar hide

(Top)

1 Nomenclature

2 History

3 Dialects

4 Phonology
Toggle Phonology subsection

4.1 Consonants

4.2 Vowels

5 Writing system
Toggle Writing system subsection

5.1 Alphabet

5.2 Additional symbols

6 Grammar
Toggle Grammar subsection

6.1 Determiners

6.2 Personal pronouns

6.3 Demonstrative pronouns

6.4 Copula

6.5 Existential

6.6 Hiligaynon linkers

6.7 Interrogative pronouns

6.8 Verbs

6.8.1 Focus

6.8.2 Summary table

6.9 Reduplication

7 Vocabulary
Toggle Vocabulary subsection

7.1 Derived from Spanish

8 Examples
Toggle Examples subsection

8.1 Numbers

8.2 Days of the week

8.3 Months of the year

8.4 Quick phrases

8.5 Greetings

8.6 This/that/what

8.7 Space and time

8.8 Ancient times of the day

8.9 When buying

8.10 The Lord's Prayer

8.11 The Ten Commandments

8.12 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

9 Notable Hiligaynon writers

10 See also

11 References

12 Further reading

13 External links

Toggle the table of contents

Hiligaynon language

46 languages

Afrikaans

Asturianu

تۆرکجه

বাংলা

Bikol Central

Brezhoneg

Català

Cebuano

Deutsch

Eesti

Español

Esperanto

فارسی

Fiji Hindi

Français

客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî

한국어

हिन्दी

Ilokano

Bahasa Indonesia

Italiano

Kapampangan

Kiswahili

Коми

Latviešu

Ligure

Malagasy

مصرى

閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄

日本語

Piemontèis

Polski

Português

Русский

Simple English

کوردی

Suomi

Svenska

Tagalog

தமிழ்

ไทย

Vèneto

Tiếng Việt

Winaray

粵語

中文

Edit links

Article

Talk

English

Read

Edit

View history

Tools

Tools
move to sidebar hide

Actions

Read

Edit

View history

General

What links here

Related changes

Upload file

Special pages

Permanent link

Page information

Cite this page

Get shortened URL

Download QR code

Wikidata item

Expand all

Edit interlanguage links

Print/export

Download as PDF

Printable version

In other projects

Wikimedia Commons

Wikivoyage

Appearance
move to sidebar hide

Text

Small

Standard

Large

This page always uses small font size

Width

Standard

Wide

The content is as wide as possible for your browser window.

Color (beta)

Automatic

Light

Dark

This page is always in light mode.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines

"Ilongo language" redirects here. Not to be confused with the Ilongot language, also of the Philippines.

Hiligaynon
Ilonggo
Hiniligaynon, Inilonggo
Pronunciation | /hɪlɪˈɡaɪnən/
Native to | Philippines
Region | Western Visayas, Negros Island Region, Soccsksargen, western Negros Oriental, southwestern portion of Masbate, coastal Palawan, some parts of southern Mindoro, some parts of Romblon and a few parts of Northern Mindanao
Ethnicity | Hiligaynon

Native speakers

7.8 million (2010)[1][needs update]
9.1 million total speakers[2]
4th most spoken native language in the Philippines[3]

Language family

Austronesian

Malayo-Polynesian

Philippine

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bisayan

Central Bisayan

Hiligaynon

Dialects

Standard Hiligaynon (Iloilo province dialect);

Urban Hiligaynon (Metro Iloilo dialect);

Guimarasnon Hiligaynon;

Bacolodnon Hiligaynon (Metro Bacolod dialect);

Negrense Hiligaynon (Negros Occidental dialect);

Mindanao Hiligaynon

Writing system

Latin (Hiligaynon alphabet)
Hiligaynon Braille
Historically Baybayin (c. 13th–19th centuries)

Official status

Recognised minority
language in

Philippines

Regulated by | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-2 | hil
ISO 639-3 | hil
Glottolog | hili1240

Areas where Hiligaynon is spoken in the Philippines

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Hiligaynon, also often referred to as Ilonggo or Binisayâ/Bisayâ nga Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo, is an Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, predominantly in Western Visayas, Negros Island Region, and Soccsksargen, most of whom belong to the Hiligaynon people.[4] It is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and belongs to the Bisayan languages, and it is more distantly related to other Philippine languages.

It also has one of the largest native language-speaking populations of the Philippines, despite it not being taught and studied formally in schools and universities until 2012.[5] Hiligaynon is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code hil, but has no ISO 639-1 two-letter code.

Hiligaynon is mainly concentrated in the regions of Western Visayas (Iloilo, Capiz, and Guimaras), Negros Island Region (Negros Occidental), and Soccsksargen (South Cotabato including General Santos, Sultan Kudarat, and North Cotabato). It is spoken in other neighboring provinces, such as Antique and Aklan in Western Visayas, Negros Oriental in Negros Island Region, Masbate in Bicol Region, and southern parts of Mindoro, Romblon and Palawan in Mimaropa.

It is spoken as a second language by Kinaray-a speakers in Antique, Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan, Capiznon speakers in Capiz, Cebuano speakers in Negros Oriental,[6] and spoken and understood by native speakers of Maguindanaon, Cebuano, Ilocano, Blaan, Tboli and other settler and indigenous languages in Soccsksargen in Mindanao.[7] There are approximately 9,300,000 people in and out of the Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon and an additional 5,000,000 capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency.[8]

Nomenclature
[edit]

See also: Visayans

The Water cycle diagram in Hiligaynon.

Aside from Hiligaynon, the language is also referred to as Ilonggo, also spelled Ilongo, as it originated in Iloilo. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, that this is an incorrect usage of the word Ilonggo. In precise usage, these people opine that Ilonggo should be used only in relation to the ethnolinguistic group of native inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers in that place, including their language. The disagreement over the usage of Ilonggo to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laypeople.[9]

History
[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020)

Historical evidence from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago shows that the nomenclature used to refer to this language had its origin among the people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod ("los [naturales] de la playa") in Iloilo, Panay, whom Spanish explorer Miguel de Loarca called Yligueynes[10] (or the more popular term Hiligaynon, also referred to by the Karay-a people as Siná).

The term Hiligaynon came from the root word ilig ('to go downstream'), referring to a flowing river in Iloilo. In contrast, the Kinaray-a has been used by what the Spanish colonizers called Arayas, which may be a Spanish misconception of the Hiligaynon words Iraya or taga-Iraya, or the current and more popular version Karay-a ('highlanders' – people of Iraya/highlands).[11]

Dialects
[edit]

Similar to many languages in the Philippines, very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon. Standard Hiligaynon, is the dialect that is used in the province of Iloilo, primarily in the northern and eastern portions of the province. It has a more traditional and extensive vocabulary, whereas the Urban Hiligaynon dialect spoken in Metro Iloilo has a more simplified or modern vocabulary.

For example, the term for 'to wander,' 'to walk,' or 'to stroll' in Urban Hiligaynon is lágaw, which is also widely used by most of the Hiligaynon speakers, whereas in Standard Hiligaynon, dayán is more commonly used, which has rarely or never been used by other dialects of the language. Another example, amó iní, ('this is it') in Standard Hiligaynon can be simplified in Urban Hiligaynon and become 'mó'ní.

Some of the other widely recognized dialects of the language, aside from Standard Hiligaynon and Urban Hiligaynon, are Bacolodnon Hiligaynon (Metro Bacolod dialect), Negrense Hiligaynon (provincial Negros Occidental dialect that is composed of three sub-variants: Northern, Central and Southern Negrense Hiligaynon), Guimaras Hiligaynon, and Mindanao Hiligaynon (which incorporated some Cebuano and other languages due to the mass influx of migrants from Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor and Cebuano-speaking parts of Mindanao reside in the Soccsksargen area).[12]

Some native speakers also consider Kinaray-a (also known as Hiniraya or Antiqueño) and Capiznon dialects of Hiligaynon. However, linguists have classified Kinaray-a as a Western Bisayan language, while Capiznon is a Central Bisayan language closely related to Hiligaynon.[13][14]

Phonology
[edit]

Consonants
[edit]

Main consonant phonemes

Labial

Dental/
Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Nasal | m | n | | ŋ |
Stop | p | b | t | d | | k | ɡ | ʔ
Fricative | | s | | | h
Flap | | ɾ | | |
Approximant | w | l | j | |

Consonants [d] and [ɾ] were once allophones but cannot interchange as in other Philippine languages: patawaron ('to forgive') [from patawad, 'forgiveness'] but not patawadon, and tagadiín ('from where') [from diín, 'where'] but not tagariín.

Vowels
[edit]

There are four main vowels: /a/, /i ~ ɛ/, /o ~ ʊ/, and /u/. [i] and [ɛ] (both spelled i) are allophones, with [i] in the beginning and middle and sometimes final syllables and [ɛ] in final syllables. The vowels [ʊ] and [o] are also allophones, with [ʊ] always being used when it is the beginning of a syllable, and [o] always used when it ends a syllable.

Writing system
[edit]

Hiligaynon is written using the Latin script. Until the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written largely following Spanish orthographic conventions. Nowadays there is no officially recognized standard orthography for the language and different writers may follow different conventions. It is common for the newer generation, however, to write the language based on the current orthographic rules of Filipino.

A noticeable feature of the Spanish-influenced orthography absent in those writing following Filipino's orthography is the use of "c" and "qu" in representing /k/ (now replaced with "k" in all instances) and the absence of the letter "w" ("u" was formerly used in certain instances).

The core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of which comes in an uppercase and lowercase variety.

Alphabet
[edit]

The 1st to 10th letters

Symbol | A a | B b | K k | D d | E e | G g | H h | I i | L l | M m
Name | a | ba | ka | da | e | ga | ha | i | la | ma
Pronunciation | [a/ə] | [aw] | [aj] | [b] | [k] | [d] | [ɛ/e] | [ɡ] | [h] | [ɪ/i] | [ɪo] | [l] | [m]
in context | a | aw/ao | ay | b | k | d | e | g | h | i | iw/io | l | m

The 11th to 20th letters

Symbol | N n | Ng ng | O o | P p | R r | S s | T t | U u | W w | Y y
Name | na | nga | o | pa | ra | sa | ta | u | wa | ya
Pronunciation | [n] | [ŋ] | [ɔ/o] | [oj] | [p] | [r] | [s] | [ʃʲ] | [t] | [ʊ/u] | [w] | [w] | [j]
in context | n | ng | o | oy | p | r | s | sy | t | u | ua | w | y

Additional symbols
[edit]

The apostrophe ⟨'⟩ and hyphen ⟨-⟩ also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered separate letters.

The hyphen, in particular, is used medially to indicate the glottal stop san-o 'when' gab-e 'evening; night'. It is also used in reduplicated words: adlaw-adlaw 'daily, every day', from adlaw 'day, sun'. This marking is not used in reduplicated words whose base is not also used independently, as in pispis 'bird'.

Hyphens are also used in words with successive sounds of /g/ and /ŋ/, to separate the letters with the digraph NG. Like in the word gin-gaan 'was given'; without the hyphen, it would be read as gingaan /gi.ŋaʔan/ as opposed to /gin.gaʔan/.

In addition, some English letters[which?] may be used in borrowed words.

Grammar
[edit]

Determiners
[edit]

Hiligaynon has three types of case markers: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. These types in turn are divided into personal, that have to do with names of people, and impersonal, that deal with everything else, and further into singular and plural types, though the plural impersonal case markers are just the singular impersonal case markers + mga (a contracted spelling for /maŋa/), a particle used to denote plurality in Hiligaynon.[15]

| Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique

singular impersonal

ang

sang, sing*

sa

plural impersonal | ang mga | sang mga, sing mga* | sa mga
singular personal | si | ni | kay
plural personal** | sanday | nanday | kanday

(*)The articles sing and sing mga means the following noun is indefinite, while sang tells of a definite noun, like the use of a in English as opposed to the; however, it is not as common in modern speech, being replaced by sang. It appears in conservative translations of the Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech.
(**)The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a case marker that has fallen largely into disuse, but is still occasionally used when speaking a more traditional form of Hiligaynon, using fewer Spanish loan words.[clarification needed]

The case markers do not determine which noun is the subject and which is the object; rather, the affix of the verb determines this, though the ang-marked noun is always the topic.

Example

Ang lalaki nagkaon sang tinapay. | ≈ | Ang tinapay ginkaon sang lalaki.
'The man ate the bread' | 'The bread was eaten by the man' (literal)

Personal pronouns
[edit]

Absolutive

Ergative₁
(Postposed)

Ergative₂
(Preposed)

Oblique

1st person singular | ako, ko | nakon, ko | akon | sa akon
2nd person singular | ikaw, ka | nimo, mo | imo | sa imo
3rd person singular | siya | niya | iya | sa iya
1st person plural inclusive | kita | naton, ta | aton | sa aton
1st person plural exclusive | kami | namon | amon | sa amon
2nd person plural | kamo | ninyo | inyo | sa inyo
3rd person plural | sila | nila | ila | sa ila

Demonstrative pronouns
[edit]

| Absolutive | Ergative/Oblique | Locative | Existential
Nearest to speaker ('this, here') | iní | siní | dirí | (y)ári
Near to addressee or closely removed from speaker and addressee ('that, there') | inâ | sinâ | dirâ | (y)arà
Remote ('yon, yonder') | ató | sadtó | didtó | (y)á(d)to

In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics, karí, meaning 'to come to the speaker', and kadto, meaning 'to go yonder'.

Copula
[edit]

Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion ay of Tagalog/Filipino or hay of Akeanon. Instead sentences in SV form (Filipino: Di karaniwang anyo) are written without any marker or copula.

Examples:

Si Sara ay maganda (Tagalog)

Si Sara matahum / Gwapa si Sara (Hiligaynon) = 'Sara is beautiful.'

'Sara is beautiful' (English)

There is no direct translation for the English copula to be in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- and nangin- may be used to mean will be and became, respectively.

Example: Manamì mangín manggaránon.
'It is nice to become rich.'

The Spanish copula estar ('to be') has also become a part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. Its meaning and pronunciation have changed compared to its Spanish meaning, however. In Hiligaynon it is pronounced as istar and means 'to live (in)/location' (Compare with the Hiligaynon word puyô).

Example: Nagaistar ako sa tabuk suba.
'I live in tabuk suba'. Tabuk suba translates to 'other side of the river' and is also a barangay in Jaro, Iloilo.

Existential
[edit]

To indicate the existence of an object, the word may is used.

Example:

May

EXIST

idô

dog

(a)ko

1SG

May idô (a)ko

EXIST dog 1SG

I have a dog.

Hiligaynon linkers
[edit]

When an adjective modifies a noun, the linker nga links the two.

Example:

Ido nga itom
'black dog'

Sometimes, if the linker is preceded by a word that ends in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes acceptable to contract it into -ng, as in Filipino. This is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to reduce the number of syllables. Sometimes the meaning may change as in maayo nga aga, '(the) good morning', and maayong aga, the greeting for 'good morning'.

The linker ka is used if a number modifies a noun.

Example:

Anum ka ido
'six dogs'

Interrogative pronouns
[edit]

The interrogative pronouns of Hiligaynon are as follows: diin, san-o, sin-o, nga-a, kamusta, ano, and pila

Diin means 'where'.
Example: Diin ka na subong?
'Where are you now?'

A derivation of diin, tagadiin, is used to inquire the birthplace or hometown of the listener.
Example: Tagadiin ka?
'Where are you from?'

San-o means 'when'
Example: San-o inâ?
'When is that?'

Sin-o means 'who'
Example: Sin-o imo abyan?
'Who is your friend?'

Nga-a means 'why'
Example: Nga-a indi ka magkadto?
'Why won't you go?'

Kamusta means 'how', as in "How are you?"
Example: Kamusta ang tindahan?
'How is the store?'

Ano means 'what'
Example: Ano ang imo ginabasa?
'What are you reading?'

A derivative of ano, paano, means 'how', as in "How do I do that?"
Example: Paano ko makapulî?
'How can I get home?'

A derivative of paano is paanoano, an archaic phrase which can be compared with kamusta.
Example: Paanoano ikaw?
'How art thou?'

Pila means 'how much/how many'
Example: Pila ang gaupod sa imo?
'How many are with you?'

A derivative of pila, ikapila, asks the numerical order of the person, as in, "What place were you born in your family?"(first-born, second-born, etc.) This word is notoriously difficult to translate into English, as English has no equivalent.
Example: Ikapila ka sa inyo pamilya?
'What place were you born into your family?'

A derivative of pila, tagpila, asks the monetary value of something, as in, "How much is this beef?"
Example: Tagpila ini nga karne sang baka?
'How much is this beef?'

Verbs
[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2022)

Focus
[edit]

See also: Austronesian alignment

As it is essential for sentence structure and meaning, focus is a key concept in Hiligaynon and other Philippine languages. In English, in order to emphasize a part of a sentence, variation in intonation is usually employed – the voice is stronger or louder on the part emphasized. For example:

The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.

The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.

The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.

The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.

Furthermore, active and passive grammatical constructions can be used in English to place focus on the actor or object as the subject:

The man stole the rice. vs. The rice was stolen by the man.

In contrast, sentence focus in Philippine languages is built into the construction by grammatical elements. Focus is marked by verbal affixes and a special particle prior to the noun in focus. Consider the following Hiligaynon translations of the above sentences:

Nagakawat ang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.

Ginakawat sang lalaki ang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.

Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas ang tinda para sa iya utod.

Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.

(lalaki 'man'; kawat 'to steal'; bugas 'rice'; tinda 'market'; utod 'sibling'; kamot 'hand')[16]

Summary table
[edit]

Trigger, Mode and Aspect Affixes for Hiligaynon[17]

TRIGGER | ASPECT | MODE
Neutral | Purposive | Durative | Causative | Distributive | Cooperative | Dubitative
Agent | Goal | Unreal | -on | pag—on | paga—on | pa—on | pang—on | pakig—on | iga—on
Real | gin- | gin- | gina- | ginpa- | ginpang- | ginpakig- | ø
Referent | Unreal | -an | pag—an | paga—an | pa—an | pang—an | pakig—an | iga—an
Real | gin—an | gin—an | gina—an | ginpa—an | ginpang—an | ginpakig—an | ø
Accessory | Unreal | i- | ipag- | ipaga- | ipa- | ipang- | ipakig- | iga-
Real | gin- | gin- | gina- | ginpa- | ginpang- | ginpakig- | ø
Actor | Unreal | -um- | mag- | maga- | ø | mang- | makig- | ø
Real | -um- | nag- | naga- | ø | nang- | nakig- | ø
Patient | Actor | Unreal | maka- | makapag- | makapaga- | makapa- | makapang- | mapapakig- | ø
Real | naka- | nakapag- | nakapaga- | nakapa- | nakapang- | napapakig- | ø
Goal | Unreal | ma- | mapag- | mapaga- | mapa- | mapang- | mapakig- | ø
Real | na- | napag- | napaga- | napa- | napang- | napakig- | ø

Reduplication
[edit]

Hiligaynon, like other Philippine languages, employs reduplication, the repetition of a root or stem of a word or part of a word for grammatical or semantic purposes. Reduplication in Hiligaynon tends to be limited to roots instead of affixes, as the only inflectional or derivational morpheme that seems to reduplicate is -pa-. Root reduplication suggests 'non-perfectiveness' or 'non-telicity'. Used with nouns, reduplication of roots indicate particulars which are not fully actualized members of their class.[18] Note the following examples.

(1)

balay-bálay

house-house

balay-bálay

house-house

toy-house, playhouse

(2)

maestra-maestra

teacher-teacher

maestra-maestra

teacher-teacher

make-believe teacher

Reduplication of verbal roots suggests a process lacking a focus or decisive goal. The following examples describe events which have no apparent end, in the sense of lacking purpose or completion. A lack of seriousness may also be implied. Similarly, reduplication can suggest a background process in the midst of a foreground activity, as shown in (5).[19]

(3)

Nag-a-

NAG-IMP-

hìbî-híbî

cry-cry

ang

FOC

bátâ.

child

Nag-a- hìbî-híbî ang bátâ.

NAG-IMP- cry-cry FOC child

The child has been crying and crying.

(4)

Nag-a-

NAG-IMP-

tinlò-tinlò

clean-clean

akó

1SG.FOC

sang

UNFOC

lamésa

table

Nag-a- tinlò-tinlò akó sang lamésa

NAG-IMP- clean-clean 1SG.FOC UNFOC table

I'm just cleaning off the table (casually).

(5)

Nag-a-

NAG-IMP-

kàon-káon

eat-eat

lang

just

silá

3PL.FOC

sang

UNFOC

nag-abót

NAG-arrive

ang

FOC

íla

3PL.UNFOC

bisíta.

visitor

Nag-a- kàon-káon lang silá sang nag-abót ang íla bisíta.

NAG-IMP- eat-eat just 3PL.FOC UNFOC NAG-arrive FOC 3PL.UNFOC visitor

They were just eating when their visitor arrived.

When used with adjectival roots, non-telicity may suggest a gradualness of the quality, such as the comparison in (6). In comparative constructions the final syllables of each occurrence of the reduplicated root are accented. If the stress of the second occurrence is shifted to the first syllable, then the reduplicated root suggests a superlative degree, as in (7). Superlatives can also be created through prefixation of pinaka- to the root, as in pinaka-dakô.[20]

While non-telicity can suggest augmentation, as shown in (7), it can also indicate diminishment as in shown in (9), in contrast with (8) (note the stress contrast). In (8b), maàyoáyo, accented in the superlative pattern, suggests a trajectory of improvement that has not been fully achieved. In (9b), maàyoayó suggests a trajectory of decline when accented in the comparative pattern. The reduplicated áyo implies sub-optimal situations in both cases; full goodness/wellness is not achieved.[21]

(6)

Iní

this.FOC

nga

LINK

kwárto

room

ma-dulùm-dulúm

MA-dark-dark

sang

UNFOC

sa

OBL

sinâ

that.UNFOC

Iní nga kwárto ma-dulùm-dulúm sang sa sinâ

this.FOC LINK room MA-dark-dark UNFOC OBL that.UNFOC

This room is darker than that one.

(7)

dakô-dakô

big-big

dakô-dakô

big-big

bigger

dakô-dákô

big-big

(gid)

(really)

dakô-dákô (gid)

big-big (really)

biggest

(8)

Ma-áyo

MA-good

ang

FOC

reló.

watch

Ma-áyo ang reló.

MA-good FOC watch

The watch is good/functional.

Ma-àyo-áyo

MA-good-good

na

now

ang

FOC

reló.

watch

Ma-àyo-áyo na ang reló.

MA-good-good now FOC watch

The watch is semi-fixed.

(9)

Ma-áyo

MA-good

akó.

1SG.FOC

Ma-áyo akó.

MA-good 1SG.FOC

I'm well.

Ma-àyo-ayó

MA-good-good

na

now

akó.

1SG.FOC

Ma-àyo-ayó na akó.

MA-good-good now 1SG.FOC

I'm so so.

Vocabulary
[edit]

Derived from Spanish
[edit]

Hiligaynon has a large number of words derived from Spanish including nouns (e.g., santo from santo, 'saint'), adjectives (e.g., berde from verde, 'green'), prepositions (e.g., antes from antes, 'before'), and conjunctions (e.g., pero from pero, 'but').

Nouns denoting material items and abstract concepts invented or introduced during the early modern era include barko (barco, 'ship'), sapatos (zapatos, 'shoes'), kutsilyo (cuchillo, 'knife'), kutsara (cuchara, 'spoon'), tenedor ('fork'), plato ('plate'), kamiseta (camiseta, 'shirt'), and kambiyo (cambio, 'change', as in money). Spanish verbs are incorporated into Hiligaynon in their infinitive forms: edukar, kantar, mandar, pasar. The same holds true for other languages such as Cebuano. In contrast, incorporations of Spanish verbs into Tagalog for the most part resemble, though are not necessarily derived from, the vos forms in the imperative: eduká, kantá, mandá, pasá. Notable exceptions include andar, pasyal (from pasear) and sugal (from jugar).

Examples
[edit]

Numbers
[edit]

Just like other Philippine languages that are influenced by Spanish, Hiligaynon uses 2 systems of numbers, one from its Austronesian roots and one derived from Spanish.

Number | Hiligaynon-Native | Hiligaynon-Spanish
1 | isá | uno
2 | duhá | dos
3 | tátlo | tres
4 | ápat | kuwatro
5 | limá | singku
6 | ánum | sais
7 | pitó | syete
8 | waló | otso
9 | siyám | nwebe/nuybi
10 | pulò/napulò | dyis
100 | gatós | siyen/syento
1,000 | líbo | mil
10,000 | laksâ/isáng libo | dyis mil
1,000,000 | hámbad/ramák | milyon
First | tig-una/panguná | primera
Second | ikaduhá | segunda
Third | ikatlo/ikatátlo | tersera
Fourth | ikap-at/ikaápat
Fifth | ikalimá
Sixth | ikán-um/ikaánum
Seventh | ikapitó
Eighth | ikawaló
Ninth | ikasiyám
Tenth | ikapulò

Days of the week
[edit]

The names of the days of the week are derived from their Spanish equivalents.

Day | Native Names | Meaning | Castilian Derived
Sunday | Tigburukad | root word: bukad, 'open'; 'Starting Day' | Domingo
Monday | Dumasaon | root word: dason 'next'; 'Next Day' | Lunes
Tuesday | Dukot-dukot | literal meaning 'Busy Day'; 'Busiest Day' | Martes
Wednesday | Baylo-baylo | root word: baylo, 'exchange'; 'Barter' or 'Market Day' | Miyerkoles
Thursday | Danghos | literal meaning: 'rush'; 'Rushing of the Work Day' | Huwebes
Friday | Hingot-hingot | literal meaning: 'Completing of the Work Day' | Biyernes
Saturday | Ligid-ligid | root word: ligid, 'lay-down to rest'; 'Rest Day' | Sábado

Months of the year
[edit]

Month | Native Name | Castilian Derived
January | Ulalong | Enero
February | Dagang Kahoy | Pebrero
March | Dagang Bulan | Marso
April | Kiling | Abril
May | Himabuyan | Mayo
June | Kabay | Hunyo
July | Hidapdapan | Hulyo
August | Lubad-lubad | Agosto
September | Kangurulsol | Setiyembre
October | Bagyo-bagyo | Oktubre
November | Panglot Diyutay | Nobiyembre
December | Panglot Dako | Disiyembre

Quick phrases
[edit]

English | Hiligaynon
Yes. | Húo.
No. | Indî.
Thank you. | Salamat.
Thank you very much! | Salamat gid. / Madamò gid nga salamat!
I'm sorry. | Patawaron mo ako. / Pasayloha 'ko. / Pasensyahon mo ako. / Pasensya na.
Help me! | Buligi (a)ko! / Tabangi (a)ko!
Delicious! | Namit!
Take care (Also used to signify goodbye) | Halong.
Are you angry/scared? | Akig/hadlok ka?
Do you feel happy/sad? | Nalipay/Nasubo-an ka?
I don't know/I didn't know | Ambot / Wala ko kabalo / Wala ko nabal-an
I don't care | Wa-ay ko labot!
That's wonderful/marvelous! | Námì-námì ba! / Nami ah!
I like this/that! | Nanámìan ko sini/sina!
I love you. | Palangga ta ka. / Ginahigugma ko ikaw.

Greetings
[edit]

English | Hiligaynon
Hello! | Kumusta/Maayong adlaw (lit. 'good day')
Good morning. | Maayong aga.
Good noon. | Maayong ugto/Maayong udto
Good afternoon. | Maayong hapon.
Good evening. | Maayong gab-i.
How are you? | Kamusta ka?/Kamusta ikaw?/Musta na? (informal)
I'm fine. | Maayo man.
I am fine, how about you? | Maayo man, ikaw ya?
How old are you? | Pila na ang edad (ni)mo? / Ano ang edad mo? / Pila ka tuig ka na?
I am 24 years old. | Beinte kwatro anyos na (a)ko./ Duha ka pulo kag apat ka tuig na (a)ko.
My name is... | Ang ngalan ko...
I am Erman. | Ako si Erman. / Si Erman ako.
What is your name? | Ano imo ngalan? / Ano ngalan (ni)mo?
Until next time. | Asta sa liwat.

This/that/what
[edit]

English | Hiligaynon
What is this/that? | Ano (i)ni/(i)nâ?
This is a sheet of paper. | Isa ni ka panid sang papel. / Isa ka panid ka papel ini.
That is a book. | Libro (i)nâ.
What will you do?/What are you going to do? | Ano ang himu-on (ni)mo? / Ano ang buhaton (ni)mo? / Maano ka?
What are you doing? | Ano ang ginahimo (ni)mo? / Gaano ka?
My female friend | Ang akon babaye nga abyan/miga
My male friend | Ang akon lalake nga abyan/migo
My girlfriend/boyfriend | Ang akon nubya/nubyo

Space and time
[edit]

English | Hiligaynon
Where are you now? | Diin ka (na) subong?
Where shall we go? | Diin (ki)ta makadto?
Where are we going? | Diin (ki)ta pakadto?
Where are you going? | (Sa) diin ka makadto?
We shall go to Iloilo. | Makadto (ki)ta sa Iloilo.
We're going to Bacolod. | Makadto kami sa Bacolod.
I am going home. | Mapa-uli na ko (sa balay). / (Ma)puli na ko.
Where do you live? | Diin ka naga-istar? / Diin ka naga-puyô?
Where did you come from? (Where have you just been?) | Diin ka (nag)-halin?
Have you been here long? | Dugay ka na di(ri)?
(To the) left. | (Sa) wala.
(To the) right. | (Sa) tuo.
What time is it? | Ano('ng) takna na? / Ano('ng) oras na?
It's ten o'clock. | Alas diyes na.
What time is it now? | Ano ang oras subong? / Ano oras na?

Ancient times of the day
[edit]

Time | Name | Meaning
06:00 AM | Butlak Adlaw | Daybreak
10:00 AM | Tig-ilitlog or Tig-iritlog | Time for chickens to lay eggs
12:00 noon | Udto Adlaw or Ugto Adlaw | Noon time or midday
02:00 PM | Huyog Adlaw | Early afternoon
04:00 PM | Tigbarahog | Time for feeding the swine
06:00 PM | Sirom | Twilight
08:00 PM | Tingpanyapon or Tig-inyapon | Supper time
10:00 PM | Tigbaranig | Time to lay the banig or sleeping mat
11:00 PM | Unang Pamalò | First cockerel's crow
12:00 midnight | Tungang Gab-i | Midnight
02:00 AM | Ikaduhang Pamalò | Second cockerel's crow
04:00 AM | Ikatatlong Pamalò | Third cockerel's crow
05:00 AM | Tigbulugtaw or Tigburugtaw | Waking up time

When buying
[edit]

English | Hiligaynon
May/Can I buy? | Pwede ko ma(g)-bakal?
How much is this/that? | Tag-pilá iní/inâ?
I'll buy the... | Baklon ko ang...
Is this expensive? | Mahal bala (i)ni?
Is that cheap? | Barato bala (i)na?

The Lord's Prayer
[edit]

Amay namon, nga yara ka sa mga langit
Pagdayawon ang imo ngalan
Umabot sa amon ang imo ginharian
Matuman ang imo boot
Diri sa duta siling sang sa langit
Hatagan mo kami niyan sing kan-on namon
Sa matag-adlaw
Kag patawaron mo kami sa mga sala namon
Siling nga ginapatawad namon ang nakasala sa amon
Kag dili mo kami ipagpadaog sa mga panulay
Hinunuo luwason mo kami sa kalaot
Amen.

The Ten Commandments
[edit]

The Catholic version of the Ten Commandments in Hiligaynon at Molo Church, Molo, Iloilo City.

Literal translation as per photo:

Believe in God and worship only him

Do not use the name of God without purpose

Honor the day of the Lord

Honor your father and mother

Do not kill

Do not pretend to be married against virginity (don't commit adultery)

Do not steal

Do not lie

Do not have desire for the wife of your fellow man

Do not covet the riches of your fellow man

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
[edit]

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Ang Kalibutánon nga Pahayag sang mga Kinamaatárung sang Katáwhan)

Ang tanán nga táwo ginbún-ag nga hílway kag may pag-alalangay sa dungóg kag kinamatárong.
Silá ginhatágan sing pagpamat-ud kag balatyágon kag nagakadápat nga magbinuligáy sa kahulugan sang pag-inuturáy.

Every person is born free and equal with honor and rights.
They are given reason and conscience and they must always trust each other for the spirit of brotherhood.

Notable Hiligaynon writers
[edit]

Further information: Hiligaynon literature

Peter Solis Nery (born 1969) – prolific writer, poet, playwright, novelist, editor, "Hari sang Binalaybay", and champion of the Hiligaynon language. Born in Dumangas.

Antonio Ledesma Jayme (1854–1937) – lawyer, revolutionary, provincial governor and assemblyman. Born in Jaro, lived in Bacolod.

Graciano López Jaena (1856–1896) – journalist, orator, and revolutionary from Iloilo, well known for his written works, La Solidaridad and Fray Botod. Born in Jaro.

Flavio Zaragoza y Cano (1892–1994) – lawyer, journalist and the "Prince of Visayan poets". Born in Janipaan, Cabatuan.[22]

Conrado Saquian Norada (born 1921) – lawyer, intelligence officer and governor of Iloilo from 1969 to 1986. Co-founder and editor of Yuhum magazine. Born in Miag-ao.[23]

Ramon Muzones (1913–1992) – prolific writer and lawyer, recipient of the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature award. Born in Miag-ao.[24]

Magdalena Jalandoni (1891–1978) – prolific writer, novelist and feminist. Born in Jaro.[25]

Angel Magahum Sr. (1876–1931) – writer, editor and composer. Composed the classic Iloilo ang Banwa Ko, the unofficial song of Iloilo. Born in Molo.[26]

Valente Cristobal (1875–1945) – noted Hiligaynon playwright. Born in Polo (now Valenzuela City), Bulacan.[27]

Elizabeth Batiduan Navarro – Hiligaynon drama writer for radio programs of Bombo Radyo Philippines.

Genevieve L. Asenjo – Filipino poet, novelist, translator and literary scholar in Kinaray-a, Hiligaynon and Filipino. Her first novel, Lumbay ng Dila, (C&E/DLSU, 2010) received a citation for the Juan C. Laya Prize for Excellence in Fiction in a Philippine Language in the National Book Award.

See also
[edit]

Philippines portal

Language portal

Cebuano language

Hiligaynon people

Languages of the Philippines

Kinaray-a language

Capiznon language

References
[edit]

^ "2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A - Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables)" (PDF). Retrieved May 2, 2022.

^ Lewis, M. Paul (2009). "Hiligaynon". www.ethnologue.com/. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2022.

^ "2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A - Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables)" (PDF). Retrieved May 2, 2022.

^ Lewis, M. Paul (2009). "Hiligaynon". www.ethnologue.com/. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

^ Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. p. 2018. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.

^ "Islas de los Pintados: The Visayan Islands". Ateneo de Manila University. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2013.

^ Arellano, Bernardo Muerong III (October 9, 2020). "Ang Pagpangayaw sa Dutang Ginsaad: A History of Migration and Settlement of Ilonggos in Central Mindanao, 1951-1960s". Researchgate.net. Retrieved October 16, 2023.

^ Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000

^ "My Working Language Pairs". www.bj-informatique.com/. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2011.

^ Cf. BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803. Volume 05 of 55 (1582–1583). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN 978-0554259598. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", pp. 120–121.

^ Cf. Miguel de Loarca, Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (Arevalo, June 1582) in BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803. Volume 05 of 55 (1582–1583). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN 978-0554259598. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", pp. 128 and 130.

^ Arellano III, Bernardo (2020). "Ang Pagpangayaw sa Dutang Ginsaad: A History of Migration and Settlement of Ilonggos in Central Mindanao, 1951-1960s". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.12033.48483. Retrieved March 11, 2024.

^ "Capiznon". ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013.

^ "Kinaray-a". ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013.

^ Wolfenden, Elmer (1971). Hiligaynon Reference Grammar. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 61–67. ISBN 0-87022-867-6.

^ Motus, Cecile (1971). Hiligaynon Lessons. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 112–4. ISBN 0-87022-546-4.

^ Wolfenden, Elmer (1971). Hiligaynon Reference Grammar. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 136–7. ISBN 0-87022-867-6.

^ Spitz, Walter L. (February 1997), Lost Causes: Morphological Causative Constructions in Two Philippine Languages (Thesis), Digital Scholarship Archive, Rice University, p. 513, hdl:1911/19215, archived from the original on October 5, 2011

^ Spitz, Walter L. (February 1997), Lost Causes: Morphological Causative Constructions in Two Philippine Languages (Thesis), Digital Scholarship Archive, Rice University, p. 514, hdl:1911/19215, archived from the original on October 5, 2011

^ Spitz, Walter L. (February 1997), Lost Causes: Morphological Causative Constructions in Two Philippine Languages (Thesis), Digital Scholarship Archive, Rice University, pp. 514–515, hdl:1911/19215, archived from the original on October 5, 2011

^ Spitz, Walter L. (February 1997), Lost Causes: Morphological Causative Constructions in Two Philippine Languages (Thesis), Digital Scholarship Archive, Rice University, pp. 514–515, hdl:1911/19215, archived from the original on October 5, 2011

^ "FLAVIO ZARAGOSA Y CANO: (1892-1965)" (PDF). National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2011.

^ "Conrado Saquian Norada". Panitikan.com.ph. September 27, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2022.

^ Locsin-Nava, Ma Cecilia (2001). "The Life and Times of Ramon Muzones". History & Society in the Novels of Ramon Muzones. Ateneo University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-378-5.

^ "MAGDALENA G. JALANDONI: (1891-1978)" (PDF). National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2022.

^ Salvilla, Rex. "Angel M. Magahum Sr". The News Today. Archived from the original on April 9, 2022. Retrieved November 26, 2022.

^ "Today in History". Bayanihan. May 21, 2010. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.

Further reading
[edit]

Wolfenden, Elmer Paul (1972). A Description of Hiligaynon Phrase and Clause Constructions (Ph.D. thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/11716.

Wolfenden, Elmer (1975). A Description of Hiligaynon Syntax. Norman, Oklahoma: Summer Institute of Linguistics. – published version of Wolfenden's 1972 dissertation

Abuyen, Tomas Alvarez (2007). English–Tagalog–Ilongo Dictionary. Mandaluyong City: National Book Store. ISBN 978-971-08-6865-0.

External links
[edit]

Hiligaynon language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Hiligaynon.

Omniglot on Hiligaynon writing

Ilonggo Community & Discussion Board

Dictionaries

Hiligaynon Dictionary

Hiligaynon to English Dictionary Archived May 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

English to Hiligaynon Dictionary Archived March 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

Bansa.org Hiligaynon Dictionary Archived July 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine

Kaufmann's 1934 Hiligaynon dictionary on-line

Diccionario de la lengua Bisaya Hiligueina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay (by Alonso de Méntrida, published in 1841)

Learning resources

Some information about learning Ilonggo

Hiligaynon Lessons (by Cecile L. Motus. 1971)

Hiligaynon Reference Grammar (by Elmer Wolfenden 1971)

Writing system (Baybayin)

Baybayin – The Ancient Script of the Philippines

The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet

The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet: Genocide

The importance of the Hiligaynon 32-letter alphabet

Primary texts

Online E-book of Ang panilit sa pagcasal ñga si D.ª Angela Dionicia: sa mercader ñga contragusto in Hiligaynon, published in Mandurriao, Iloilo (perhaps in the early 20th century)

Secondary Literature

Language and Desire in Hiligaynon (by Corazón D. Villareal. 2006)

Missionary Linguistics: selected papers from the First International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Oslo, March 13–16th, 2003 (ed. by Otto Zwartjes and Even Hovdhaugen)

show

v

t

e

Bisayan languages

Asi

Asi

Cebuan

Cebuano

Boholano

Old Cebuano

Central

Romblomanon

Warayan

Baybayanon

Kinabalian

Waray

South Sorsogon (Gubat)

Peripheral

Ati

Bantayanon

Capiznon

Hiligaynon

Porohanon

Masbateño

North Sorsogon (Masbate)

West

Aklanon

Caluyanon

Kinaray-a

Onhan

Kuyan

Cuyonon

Ratagnon

South

Surigaonon

Butuan-Tausug

Butuanon

Tausug

(unclassified)

Karolanos

Magahat

See also: Visayan peoples

show

v

t

e

Philippine languages

Batanic (Bashiic)

Itbayat

Ivatan

Yami

Bilic

Blaan

Tboli

Teduray

Central Luzon

Hatang Kayi (Remontado)

Kapampangan

Sambalic

Abellen

Ambala

Bolinao

Botolan

Mag-antsi

Mag-indi

Mariveleño

Sambal

Greater Central
Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol

Albay Bikol

Central Bikol

Isarog Agta

Mount Iraya Agta

Mount Iriga Agta

Pandan Bikol

Rinconada

Bisayan

Aklanon

Asi

Bantayanon

Baybay

Butuanon

Caluyanon

Capiznon

Cebuano

Boholano

Old Cebuano †

Cuyonon

Hiligaynon

Kabalian

Karay-a

Karolanos

Magahat

Masbateño

Northern Sorsogon

Onhan

Porohanon

Ratagnon

Romblomanon

Southern Sorsogon

Sulod

Surigaonon

Tausug

Waray

Mansakan

Davawenyo

Kalagan

Kamayo

Mamanwa

Mandaya

Mansaka

Tagalogic

Kasiguranin

Tagalog

Old Tagalog †

Batangueño

Filipino

(unclassified)

Ata †

Danao

Iranun

Maguindanao

Maranao

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Bintauna

Bolango

Buol

Gorontalo

Kaidipang

Lolak

Mongondow

Ponosakan

Suwawa

Manobo

Agusan

Ata Manobo

Binukid

Cotabato Manobo

Higaonon

Ilianen

Kagayanen

Kamigin

Matigsalug

Obo

Sarangani

Tagabawa

Western Bukidnon

Palawanic

Aborlan Tagbanwa

Batak

Central Tagbanwa

Palawano

Taawʼt Bato

Southern Mindoro

Buhid

Hanunoo

Tawbuid

Subanen

Western Subanon

Kalamian

Agutaynen

Calamian Tagbanwa

Minahasan

Tombulu

Tondano

Tonsawang

Tonsea

Tontemboan

Northern Luzon

Arta

Dicamay Agta †

Ilocano

Cagayan Valley

Atta

Cagayan Agta

Gaʼdang

Gaddang

Ibanag

Isnag

Itawis

Yogad

Meso-Cordilleran

Northern Alta

Southern Alta

Central Cordilleran

Balangao

Bontoc

Ifugao

Isinai

Itneg

Kalinga

Kankanaey

Tuwali

Southern Cordilleran

Bugkalot

Ibaloi

Iwaak

Kalanguya

Karao

Pangasinan

Northern Mindoro

Alangan

Iraya

Tadyawan

Sangiric

Bantik

Ratahan

Sangir

Talaud

Other branches

Ati

Klata

Umiray Dumaget

Manide–Alabat

Inagta Alabat

Manide

Reconstructed

Proto-Philippine †

† indicates extinct status

? indicates classification dispute

‹ The template below (Austronesian languages) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›

hide

v

t

e

Austronesian languages

show
Formosan languages

Rukaic

Rukai

Tsouic

Tsou

Kanakanavu

Saaroa

Northern

Atayalic

Atayal

Seediq

Northwest
Formosan

Saisiyat

Pazeh †

Kulon †

Thao

Babuza

Favorlang †

Papora-Hoanya †

East

Kavalanic

Basay †

Kavalan

Luilang †

Ami

Amis

Sakizaya

Siraiyac

Siraya †

Taivoan †

Southern ?

Puyuma

Paiwan

Bunun

show
Malayo–Polynesian

show
Western branches of Malayo–Polynesian

Philippine
(linkage) ?

Batanic (Bashiic)

Itbayat

Ivatan

Yami

Northern Luzon

Arta

Dicamay Agta †

Ilocano

Cagayan Valley

Atta

Cagayan Agta

Gaʼdang

Gaddang

Ibanag

Isnag

Itawis

Yogad

Meso-Cordilleran

Northern Alta

Southern Alta

Central Cordilleran

Balangao

Bontoc

Ifugao

Isinai

Itneg

Kalinga

Kankanaey

Tuwali

Southern Cordilleran

Bugkalot

Ibaloi

Iwaak

Kalanguya

Karao

Pangasinan

Central Luzon

Kapampangan

Hatang Kayi (Remontado)

Sambalic

Abellen

Ambala

Mag-antsi

Bolinao

Botolan

Mag-indi

Mariveleño

Sambal

Northern Mindoro

Alangan

Iraya

Tadyawan

Greater Central
Philippine

Southern Mindoro

Buhid

Hanunoo

Tawbuid

Central Philippine

Tagalogic

Filipino

Kasiguranin

Tagalog

Old Tagalog †

Batangueño

Bikol

Albay Bikol

Central Bikol

Isarog Agta

Mount Iraya Agta

Mount Iriga Agta

Pandan Bikol

Rinconada

Bisayan

Akeanon

Asi

Bantayanon

Baybay

Butuanon

Caluyanon

Capiznon

Cebuano

Boholano

Old Cebuano †

Cuyonon

Hiligaynon

Kabalian

Karay-a

Karolanos

Magahat

Masbateño

Northern Sorsogon

Onhan

Porohanon

Ratagnon

Romblomanon

Southern Sorsogon

Sulod

Surigaonon

Tausug

Waray

Mansakan

Davawenyo

Kalagan

Kamayo

Mamanwa

Mandaya

Mansaka

(unclassified)

Ata †

Palawanic

Aborlan Tagbanwa

Batak

Central Tagbanwa

Palawano

Taawʼt Bato

Subanen

Western Subanon

Danao

Iranun

Maguindanao

Maranao

Manobo

Agusan

Ata Manobo

Binukid

Cotabato Manobo

Higaonon

Ilianen

Kagayanen

Kamigin

Matigsalug

Obo

Sarangani

Tagabawa

Western Bukidnon

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Bintauna

Bolango

Buol

Gorontalo

Kaidipang

Lolak

Mongondow

Ponosakan

Suwawa

Kalamian

Agutaynen

Calamian Tagbanwa

Bilic

Blaan

Tboli

Teduray

Sangiric

Bantik

Ratahan

Sangirese

Talaud

Minahasan

Tombulu

Tondano

Tonsawang

Tonsea

Tontemboan

Other branches

Ati

Klata

Umiray Dumaget

Manide–Alabat

Inagta Alabat

Manide

Greater Barito *

Barito

Malagasy

Bushi

Deyah

Malang

Witu

Balangan

Maʼanyan

Paku

Lawangan

Kohin

Dohoi

Siang

Bakumpai

Ngaju

Ampanang

Tunjung

Sama–Bajaw

Abaknon

Bajaw

Mapun

Pangutaran Sama

Sama

West Coast Bajaw

Yakan

Basap *

Greater
North Borneo *

North Borneo *

Northeast Sabah *

Idaʼan

Bonggi

Molbog ?

Southwest Sabah *

Greater
Dusunic *

Bisaya–Lotud

Brunei Bisaya

Lotud

Dusunic

Kadazandusun

Central Dusun

Coastal Kadazan

Kuijau

Eastern Kadazan

Kota Marudu Talantang

Rungus / Momogun

Klias River Kadazan

Paitanic

Tombonuwo

Kinabatangan

Abai Sungai

Serudung

Greater
Murutic *

Tatana ?

Papar

Murutic

Tagol

Timugon

Keningau

Selungai

Sembakung

Baukan

Okolod

Paluan

Ganaʼ

Kalabakan

Nonukan Tidong

Sesayap Tidong

North Sarawak *

Kenyah / Bakung

Sebob

Tutoh

Umaʼ Lasan

Wahau Kenyah

Penan ?

Kelabit

Lengilu

Lundayeh

Saʼban

Tring

Berawan

Belait

Kiput

Narom

Tutong

Bintulu

Central Sarawak

Kajaman

Lahanan

Sekapan

Daro-Matu

Kanowit–Tanjong

Melanau

Bukitan

Punan Batu

Sian

Ukit

Burusu

Bah-Biau Punan

Sajau

Punan Merap

Bukat

Seru †

Lelak †

Kayanic

Kayan

Bahau

Modang

Segai

Hovongan

Aoheng

Aput

Punan

Krio Dayak

Murik

Land Dayak

Bakatiʼ

Sara

Laraʼ

Bukar–Sadong

Biatah

Tringgus

Jagoi

Jangkang

Kembayan

Semandang

Ribun

Benyaduʼ

Sanggau

Malayo–Chamic *

Aceh–Chamic

Acehnese

Cham dialects

Chru

Haroi

Jarai

Rade

Roglai

Tsat

Iban–Malayan

Ibanic

Iban

Keninjal ?

Mualang

Remun

Seberuang

Malay

Malaysian

Indonesian

Minangkabau

Brunei/Kedayan Malay

Bamayo

Banjar

Berau Malay

Bangka Malay

Bengkulu

Col

Duanoʼ

Haji

Jambi Malay

Jakun

Kedah Malay

Kendayan / Selako ?

Kutai Malay

Kaur

Kerinci

Kelantan-Pattani Malay

Kubu

Orang Laut

Lubu

Musi

Negeri Sembilan Malay

Orang Kanaq

Orang Seletar

Pahang Malay

Pekal

Perak Malay

Pontianak Malay

Reman Malay

Sarawak Malay

Temuan

Terengganu Malay

Urak Lawoiʼ

Sundanese

Sundanese

Old Sundanese †

Baduy

Bantenese

Cirebonese

Rejang ?

Rejang

Moklenic ?

Moken

Moklen

Sumatran *

Northwest Sumatra
–Barrier Islands

Enggano ?

Gayo

Mentawai

Nias

Sikule

Simeulue

Batak

Alas

Angkola

Dairi

Karo

Simalungun

Toba

Mandailing

Nasal ?

Lampungic

Lampung

Lampung Nyo

Lampung Api

Komering

Javanese

Javanese

Kawi / Old Javanese †

Banyumasan

Osing

Tenggerese

Madurese

Madurese

Kangean

Bali–Sasak
–Sumbawa

Balinese

Sasak

Sumbawa

Celebic

Bungku–Tolaki

Bahonsuai

Bungku

Kodeoha

Kulisusu

Moronene

Mori Bawah

Mori Atas

Padoe

Rahambuu

Tolaki

Tomadino

Waru

Wawonii

Muna–Buton

Bonerate

Busoa

Cia-Cia

Kaimbulawa

Kumbewaha

Lasalimu

Liabuku

Muna

Pancana

Tukang Besi

Saluan–Banggai

Andio

Balantak

Banggai

Batui

Bobongko

Saluan

Tomini–Tolitoli *

Balaesang

Boano ?

Dampelas

Dondo

Lauje

Pendau

Taje

Tajio

Tomini

Totoli ?

Kaili–Wolio *

Kaili–Pamona

Kaili

Mbelala

Moma

Pamona

Rampi

Sarudu

Sedoa

Topoiyo

Uma

Wotu–Wolio

Kalao

Kamaru

Laiyolo

Ledo Kaili *

Wolio

Wotu

South Sulawesi

Bugis

Buginese

Campalagian

Embaloh

Taman

Makassar

Makassarese

Bentong

Coastal Konjo

Highland Konjo

Selayar

Seko–Badaic *

Seko

Budong-Budong

Panasuan

Seko Padang

Seko Tengah

Badaic

Bada

Behoa

Napu

Northern

Mamuju

Mandar

Massenrempulu

Duri

Enrekang

Maiwa

Malimpung

Pitu Ulunna Salu

Aralle-Tabulahan

Bambam

Dakka

Pannei

Ulumandaʼ

Toraja

Kalumpang

Mamasa

Pattaeʼ

Lawa

Talondoʼ ?

Toraja-Saʼdan

Lemolang

Isolates

Chamorro

Palauan

show
Central Malayo-Polynesian languages

Bima

Bima

Sumba–Flores

Sumba–Hawu

Savu

Hawu

Dhao

Sumba

Kambera

Mamboru

Anakalangu

Wanukaka

Pondok

Baliledo

Wejewa

Lamboya

Kodi

Gaura

Western Flores

Komodo

Manggarai

Riung

Rembong

Rajong

Kepoʼ

Wae Rana

Paluʼe

Ende

Lio

Nagé-Kéo

Ngadha

Rongga

Soʼa

Flores–Lembata

Sika

Kedang

Lamaholot

Lamaholot

Alorese

Lamatuka

Lewo Eleng

Levuka

South Lembata

Lamalera

Lewotobi

Adonara

Ile Ape

Mingar

Selaru

Selaru

Seluwasan

Kei–Tanimbar ?

Kei

Fordata

Yamdena

Onin

Sekar

Uruangnirin

Aru

Barakai

Batuley

Dobel

Karey

Koba

Kola

Lola

Lorang

Manombai

Mariri

Tarangan

Ujir

Timoric *

Helong

Tetum

Idalaka

Central Timor *

Kemak

Tukudede

Mambai

Bekais

Wetar–Galoli ?

Wetar

Galoli

Atauran

Kawaimina

Kairui

Waimoa

Midiki

Naueti ?

Habun ?

Luangic–Kisaric ?

Romang

Kisar

Leti

Luang

Makuva †

Rote–Meto

Bilba

Dengka

Lole

Ringgou

Dela-Oenale

Termanu

Tii

Uab Meto

Amarasi

Babar

West Damar

Dawera-Daweloor

North Babar

Dai

Masela

Serili

Southeast Babar

Emplawas

Imroing

Telaʼa

Southwest Maluku

East Damar

Teun

Nila †

Serua †

Kowiai ?

Kowiai

Central Maluku *

Teor-Kur

West

Ambelau

Buru

Lisela

Hukumina †

Moksela †

Sula

Mangole

Taliabo

East

Banda

Bati

Geser

Watubela

Bobot

Masiwang

Hoti †

Benggoi

Salas

Liana

Nunusaku

Kayeli †

Nuaulu

Huaulu

Manusela

Wemale

Yalahatan

Piru Bay ?

Asilulu

Luhu †

Manipa

Wakasihu

Boano

Sepa-Teluti

Paulohi

Kaibobo

Hitu

Tulehu

Laha

Seit-Kaitetu

Kamarian †

Haruku

Amahai

Nusa Laut

Saparua

Latu

show
Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

SHWNG

Tandia †

Mor

Waropen

Warembori ?

Yoke ?

Halmahera Sea

Ambel–Biga

Ambel

Biga

Maya–Matbat

Maʼya

Matbat

Maden

Maden

Fiawat

As

As

South Halmahera

Gane

Taba

Buli

Maba

Patani

Sawai

Gebe

Cenderawasih

Biakic

Biak

Dusner

Meoswar

Roon

Yapen

Ambai

Ansus

Marau

Wamesa

Wooi

Munggui

Papuma

Pom

Serui-Laut

Kurudu

Wabo

Southwest

Yaur

Yerisiam

Umar

Oceanic

Admiralty

Yapese ?

Eastern

Manus

Baluan-Pam

Lenkau

Lou

Nauna

Penchal

Western

Northern Kaniet †

Southern Kaniet †

Seimat

Wuvulu

Aua

Saint Matthias

Mussau-Emira

Tenis

Temotu

Utupua

Amba

Asumboa

Tanimbili

Vanikoro

Teanu

Lovono

Tanema

Reefs–Santa Cruz

Äiwoo

Engdewu / Nanggu

Natügu / Santa Cruz

Nalögo

Noipx

Southeast
Solomonic

Gela–Guadalcanal

Bugotu

Gela

Lengo

Birao

Ghari

Malango

Talise

Malaita–
San Cristobal

Longgu

Saʼa

Arosi

Fagani

Bauro

Kahua

Owa

Marau Wawa ? †

Toʼabaita

Baelelea

Baeggu

Fataleka

Lau

Kwaraʼae

Wala

Gulaʼalaa

Kwaio

Doriʼo

ꞋAreꞌare

Oroha

Western
Oceanic

Meso–
Melanesian

Willaumez

Bola

Bulu

Meramera

Nakanai

Bali-Vitu

Bali

Vitu

New Ireland–
Northwest
Solomonic

Tungag–Nalik

Kara

Laxudumau

Nalik

Tiang

Tigak

Tungag

Tabar

Lihir

Madara

Notsi

Madak

Barok

Lavatbura–Lamusong

Madak

St. George

Bilur

Fanamaket

Guramalum †

Kandas

Konomala

Label

Lungalunga

Niwer Mil

Patpatar

Ramoaaina

Siar

Sursurunga

Tangga

Tolai

Northwest
Solomonic

Babatana

Bannoni

Blablanga

Cheke Holo

Gao

Ghanongga

Hahon

Hakö

Halia

Hoava

Kazukuru †

Kokota

Kusaghe

Laghu †

Lungga

Marovo

Mono-Alu

Nduke

Nehan

Papapana

Petats

Piva

Ririo

Roviana

Saposa

Simbo

Solos

Teop

Tinputz

Torau

Ughele

Uruava †

Vaghua

Vangunu

Varisi

Zabana

Zazao

Tomoip

North
New Guinea

Sarmi–
Jayapura ?

Anus

Bonggo

Kayupulau

Liki

Masimasi

Ormu

Podena

Kaptiau

Sobei

Tarpia

Tobati

Wakde

Yamna

Schouten

Arop-Sissano

Sera

Sissano

Ulau-Suain

Tumleo

Yakamul

Kaiep

Kairiru

Terebu

Biem

Kis

Manam

Medebur

Sepa

Wogeo

Huon Gulf

Bukawa

Kela

Yabem

Aribwatsa †

Aribwaung

Adzera

Dangal

Duwet

Labu

Maralango

Mari

Musom

Nafi

Silisili

Wampar

Wampur

Hote

Iwal

Kapin

Kumalu

Mangga Buang

Mapos Buang

Mumeng

Piu

Vehes

Yamap

Numbami

Ngero–Vitiaz

Bariai

Gitua

Kove

Lusi

Malalamai

Mutu

Awad Bing

Bilibil

Gedaged

Marik

Matukar

Mindiri

Takia

Wab

Lamogai

Mouk-Aria

Aigon

Karore

Kaulong †

Miu

Sengseng

Aiklep

Akolet

Apalik

Avau

Bebeli

Gimi

Lesing-Gelimi

Mangseng

Solong

Lote

Mamusi

Mengen

Arop-Lukep

Karnai

Malasanga

Mur Pano

Mato

Ronji

Amara

Maleu

Mbula

Sio

Tami

Papuan Tip

Nuclear

ʼAuhelawa

Buhutu

Bwanabwana

Oyaʼoya

Saliba

Suau

Unubahe

Wagawaga

Bwaidoka

Diodio

Iamalele

Iduna

Koluwawa

Maiadomu

Bunama

Boselewa

Dobu

Duau

Galeya

Molima

Mwatebu

Sewa Bay

Dawawa

Kakabai

Are

Arifama-Miniafia

Doga

Gapapaiwa

Ghayavi

Kaninuwa

Ubir

Gweda

Haigwai

Maiwala

Minaveha

Taupota

Tawala

Yakaikeke

Anuki

Gumawana

Kilivila–Misima

Budibud

Kilivila

Misima

Muyuw

Nimoa–Sudest

Nimoa

Sudest

Southern
Oceanic

North
Vanuatu

Torres–Banks

Dorig

Hiw

Koro

Lakon

Lehali

Lemerig

Lo-Toga

Löyöp

Mota

Mwerlap

Mwesen

Mwotlap

Nume

Olrat

Veraʼa

Volow

Vurës

Maewo–Ambae–
North Pentecost

Baetora

Duidui

Northeast Ambae

Raga

Sun̄wadaga

Sun̄wadia

South Pentecost

Apma

Sa

Ske

Sowa †

Espiritu Santo

Akei

Aore †

Araki

Cape Cumberland

Nokuku

Kiai

Mav̋ea

Merei-Tiale

Mores

Sakao

Shark Bay

Tamambo

Tangoa

Tasiriki

Tolomako

Tutuba

Wusi

Nuclear
Southern
Oceanic

Central
Vanuatu

North Efate

Nafsan

Efatese

Eton

Lelepa

Makura

Daakaka

Dalkalaen

Lonwolwol

Paamese

Port Vato

Southeast Ambrym

Epi

Baki

Bierebo

Bieria

Lamen

Lewo

Maii

Malakula

Aulua

Avava

Aveteian

Axamb

Big Nambas

Botovro

Burmbar

Bwenelang

Larëvat

Lendamboi

Litzlitz

Malfaxal

Malua Bay

Maskelynes

Nahavaq

Nasarian

Nasvang

Nāti

Navwien

Nese

Neveʻei

Neverver

Ninde

Nisvai

Nitita

Port Sandwich

Rerep

Sörsörian

Tape

Tirax

Unua

Northeast Malakula

Vao

Vivti

Rutan

Alovas

Najit

Njav

South Vanuatu

Erromango

Erromanga / Sie

Sorung †

Ura

Utaha / Ifo †

Tanna

Kwamera / South Tanna

Lenakel / West Tanna

North Tanna

Southwest Tanna

Whitesands / East Tanna

Aneityum

Loyalties–
New Caledonia

Loyalty Islands

Drehu

Iaai

Nengone

New Caledonian

Southern

Ajië

Arhâ

Arhö

Ndrumbea

Neku

Numèè

Orowe

Tîrî

Xârâcùù

Xârâgurè

Zire †

Northern

Bwatoo

Caac

Cèmuhî

Fwâi

Haeke

Haveke

Hmwaveke

Jawe

Kumak

Nemi

Nyâlayu

Paicî

Pije

Pwaamèi

Pwapwâ

Vamale

Waamwang †

Yuanga

Micronesian

Nauruan

Nuclear
Micronesian

Gilbertese

Kosraean

Marshallese

Chuukic–
Pohnpeic

Chuukic

Carolinian

Chuukese

Mapia †

Mortlockese

Namonuito

Pááfang

Puluwatese

Satawalese

Sonsorol

Tanapag

Tobian

Ulithian

Woleaian

Pohnpeic

Mokilese

Ngatikese

Pingelapese

Pohnpeian

Central
Pacific

West

Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua

Rotuman

Western Fijian

East

Fijian

Gone Dau

Lauan

Lomaiviti

Polynesian

Nuclear
Polynesian

Kapingamarangi

Nuguria

Nukumanu

Nukuoro

Ontong Java

Sikaiana

Takuu

Tuvaluan

Samoic

Niuatoputapu †

Samoan

Tokelauan

Eastern

Austral

Cook Islands Māori

Hawaiian

Mangareva

Māori

Moriori †

Marquesan

Penrhyn

Rakahanga-Manihiki

Rapa

Rapa Nui

Tahitian

Tuamotuan

Futunic

Anuta

Emae

Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan

Futunan / East Futunan

Mele-Fila

Pukapukan

Rennellese

Tikopia

Wallisian / East Uvean

West Uvean

Tongic

Niuafoʻou ?

Niuean

Tongan

* indicates proposed status

? indicates classification dispute

† indicates extinct status

show

v

t

e

Languages of the Philippines

Official languages

Filipino

English

Regional languages

Bikol

Cebuano

Chavacano

Hiligaynon

Ibanag

Ilocano

Kapampangan

Karay-a

Maguindanao

Maranao

Pangasinan

Tagalog

Waray

Indigenous languages
(by region)

Bangsamoro

Iranun

Pangutaran Sama

Sama

Tausug

Yakan

Bicol Region

Albay Bikol

Inagta Partido

Manide

Masbateño

Mount Iraya Agta

Mount Iriga Agta

Northern Sorsogon

Pandan Bikol

Rinconada Bikol

Southern Catanduanes Bikol

Southern Sorsogon

Cagayan Valley

Arta

Atta

Bugkalot

Central Cagayan Agta

Dinapigue Agta

Dupaningan Agta

Gaddang

Isinai

Itawis

Itbayat

Ivatan

Kalanguya

Karao

Malaweg

Nagtipunan Agta

Paranan Agta

Paranan

Yogad

Calabarzon

Inagta Alabat

Manide

Hatang Kayi (Remontado)

Southern Alta

Umiray Dumaget

Caraga

Agusan

Ata Manobo

Butuanon

Higaonon

Kamayo

Mamanwa

Surigaonon

Central Luzon

Abellen

Ambala

Antsi

Botolan

Casiguran Dumagat Agta

Indi

Kasiguranin

Mariveleño

Northern Alta

Sambal

Southern Alta

Umiray Dumaget

Central Visayas

Bantayanon

Eskayan

Karolanos

Magahat

Porohanon

Cordillera

Atta

Balangao

Bontoc

Ga'dang

Ibaloi

Ifugao

Isnag

Itawis

Itneg

Iwaak

Kalanguya

Kalinga

Kankanaey

Malaweg

Tuwali

Davao Region

Blaan

Davaoeño

Kalagan

Klata

Mandaya

Mansaka

Obo

Sangirese

Sarangani

Tagabawa

Eastern Visayas

Abaknon

Baybay

Kabalian

Ilocos Region

Bolinao

Metro Manila

Taglish

Mimaropa

Agutaynen

Alangan

Asi

Batak

Buhid

Calamian Tagbanwa

Central Tagbanwa

Cuyonon

Hanunoo

Iraya

Kagayanen

Molbog

Onhan

Palawano

Ratagnon

Romblomanon

Tadyawan

Tawbuid

Northern Mindanao

Bukid

Higaonon

Ilianen

Iranun

Kamigin

Matigsalug

Subanen

Western Bukidnon

Soccsksargen

Blaan

Cotabato Manobo

Ilianen

Iranun

Obo

Tboli

Tiruray

Western Visayas

Aklanon

Ata

Ati

Caluyanon

Capiznon

Sulod

Zamboanga Peninsula

Subanen

Immigrant languages

Arabic

Basque

Chinese

Hokkien

Mandarin

French

German

Japanese

Korean

Malay

Indonesian

Malaysian

Sindhi

Spanish

status

Sign languages

Filipino Sign Language

Historical languages

Proto-Philippine

Old Tagalog

Old Cebuano

Authority control databases: National

Japan

Israel

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiligaynon_language&oldid=1244280548"

Categories:

Hiligaynon language

Verb–subject–object languages

Hidden categories:

Articles containing Hiligaynon-language text

Articles with short description

Short description is different from Wikidata

Use mdy dates from March 2024

Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2023

All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

Languages with ISO 639-2 code

ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue

Articles to be expanded from December 2020

All articles to be expanded

Articles containing Spanish-language text

Pages with plain IPA

All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2022

Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018

Articles containing Filipino-language text

Articles containing Aklan-language text

Articles containing Tagalog-language text

Articles to be expanded from January 2022

Webarchive template wayback links

This page was last edited on 6 September 2024, at 03:34 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Privacy policy

About Wikipedia

Disclaimers

Contact Wikipedia

Code of Conduct

Developers

Statistics

Cookie statement

Mobile view

Edit preview settings